# Readings

## Books

### Required

Singleton, Royce A., and Bruce C. Straits. Approaches to Social Research. 4th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN: 9780195147940.

Locke, Lawrence F., Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, and Stephen J. Silverman. Proposals that Work: A Guide for Planning Dissertations and Grant Proposals. 5th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2007. ISBN: 9781412924238.

Weiss, Robert S. Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York, NY: Free Press, 1995. ISBN: 9780684823126.

### Recommended

Yin, Robert. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002. ISBN: 9780761925538.

Zeisel, John. Inquiry by Design: Environment / Behavior / Neuroscience in Architecture, Interiors, Landscape and Planning. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. ISBN: 9780393731842.

## Weekly Readings

Course readings.
SES # | TOPICS | READINGS
--- | --- | ---
1 | Introduction to policy and planning inquiry | In the Beginning There Was the Flying Spaghetti Monster Becker, Howard. "Whose Side are we On?" Social Problems 14, no. 3 (1967): 239-247. Feynman, Richard. "Cargo Cult Science." Caltech commencement address, 1974. Also published in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! Little, Daniel. "Objectivity, Truth, and Method: A Philosopher's Perspective on the Social Sciences." Anthropology Newsletter, November 1995. Singleton and Straits, chapter 1. ### Recommended readings Behn, Robert D. "Policy Analysts, Clients, and Social Scientists." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 4, no. 3 (1985): 428-432. Bohm, David, and F. David Peat. Science, Order, and Creativity: A Dramatic New Look at the Creative Roots of Science and Life. Toronto, Canada: Bantam Books, 1987. ISBN: 9780553344493. Camic, Charles, and Yu Xie. "The Statistical Turn in American Social Science: Columbia University, 1890 to 1915." American Sociological Review 59 (1994): 773-805. Etzioni, Amatai. "Policy Research." American Sociologist 6 (1971): 8-12. Hopkins, Lewis D. "Planning as Science: Engaging Disagreement." Journal of Planning Education and Research 20, no. 4 (2001): 399-406. Lindblom, Charles E. "Who Needs What Social Research for Policymaking?" Evaluations Studies Review 12 (1987): 163-184. Merton, Robert K. "The Role of Applied Social Science in the Formulation of Policy: A Research Memorandum." Philosophy of Science 16, no. 3 (1949): 161-181. O'Rand, Angela M. "Mathematizing Social Science in the 1950s: The Early Development and Diffusion of Game Theory." History of Political Economy 24 (1992): 177-204.
2 | Ways of knowing in policy and planning research | Casti, John L. Paradigms Lost: Tackling the Unanswered Mysteries of Modern Science. New York, NY: Avon Books, 1990, pp. 1-67. ISBN: 9780380711659. Morgan, Gareth, and Linda Smircich. "The Case for Qualitative Research." The Academy of Management Review 5 (1980): 491-500. Little, Daniel. "Evidence and Objectivity in the Social Sciences." Social Research 60 (1993): 363-96. Geertz, Clifford. "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture." Chapter 1 in The Interpretation of Cultures. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2000 [1973], pp. 3-54. ISBN: 9780465097197. Singleton and Straits, chapter 2. ### Recommended readings Becker, Howard S. "The Epistemology of Qualitative Research." In Ethnography and Human Development: Context and Meaning in Social Inquiry. Edited by R. Jessor, A. Colby, and R Schweder. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996, pp. 53-71. ISBN: 9780226399034. Feyerabend, Paul K. Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge. New York, NY: Verso, 1975. ISBN: 9780902308916. Feynman, Richard. "What is Science?" The Physics Teacher 7, no. 6 (1968): 313-320. Habermas, Jurgen. On the Logic of the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990. ISBN: 9780262581042. Haraway, Donna. "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective." In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York, NY: Routledge, 1996. ISBN: 9781853431395. Kuhn, Thomas. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN: 9780226458083. Little, Daniel. Varieties of Social Explanation: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Social Science. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991. ISBN: 9780813305660. Mahoney, James, and Gary Goertz. "A Tale of Two Cultures: Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research." Political Analysis 14, no. 3 (2006): 227-249. Nagel, Ernest. The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1979. ISBN: 9780915144716. Popper, Karl R. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York, NY: Routledge, 2002. ISBN: 9780415278447. Rabinow, Paul, and William Sullivan. Interpretive Social Science: A Second Look. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988. ISBN: 9780520058385. Shadish, W. R. "Philosophy of Science and the Quantitative-Qualitative Debates: Thirteen Common Errors." Evaluation and Program Planning 18 (1995): 63-75. Taylor, Charles. "Interpretation and the Sciences of Man." In Interpretive Social Science: A Second Look. Edited by Paul Rabinow and William Sullivan. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988, pp. 33-81. ISBN: 9780520058385.
3 | Theories and research questions Writing research proposals | Lundberg, Craig C., and Cheri A. Young, eds. "Models and Theories: Purposes and Reach." In Foundations for Inquiry: Choices and Trade-Offs in the Organizational Sciences. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005, pp. 163-181. ISBN: 9780804741538. ———. "Inventing and Framing Research." In Foundations for Inquiry: Choices and Trade-Offs in the Organizational Sciences. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005, pp. 247-285. ISBN: 9780804741538. Przeworski, Adam, and Frank Salamon. On the Art of Writing Proposals: Some Candid Suggestions for Applicants to Science Research Council Competitions. Social Science Research Council, 1998. Locke, Spirduso, and Silverman, pp. 3-24. Skim 41-128 and 201-312 as interested. ### Recommended readings Durkheim, Emile. "What is a Social Fact?" In The Rules of Sociological Method and Selected Texts on Sociology and its Method. New York, NY: Free Press, 1982, pp. 50-59. ISBN: 9780029079409. Stinchcombe, Arthur. Constructing Social Theories. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1987. ISBN: 9780226774848.
4 | Elements of research design | Singleton and Straits, chapter 3. Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002, pp. 3-23. ISBN: 9780761924425. Martin, Joanne. "A Garbage Can Model of the Psychological Research Process." American Behavioral Scientist 25, no. 2 (1981): 131-151. McGrath, Joseph E. "Dilemmatics: The Study of Research Choices and Dilemmas." American Behavioral Scientist 25, no. 2 (1981): 179-211. Skim: King, Gary, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 35-49 and 76-91. ISBN: 9780691034713. ### Recommended readings Berg, Bruce L. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2006. ISBN: 9780205482634. Creswell, John W. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing from Among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997. ISBN: 9780761901440. Marini, Margaret, and Burton Singer. "Causality in the Social Sciences." Sociological Methodology 18 (1988): 347-409. Marshall, Catherine, and Gretchen B. Rossman. Designing Qualitative Research. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006. ISBN: 9781412924894. McGrath, Joseph E. P., Joanne Martin, and Richard A. Kulka. "Some Quasi-Rules for Making Judgment Calls in Research." American Behavioral Scientist 25, no. 2 (1981): 211-224. Patton, Michael Q. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001. ISBN: 9780761919711. Rousseau, Denise. "Issues of Level in Organizational Research." Research in Organizational Behavior 7 (1985): 1-37. McKim, Vaughn, and Stephen Turner. Causality in Crisis? Statistical Methods and the Search for Causal Knowledge in the Social Sciences. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997. ISBN: 9780268008246. Yee, Albert. "The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies." International Organization 50, no. 1 (1996): 69-109.
5 | Measurement, validity, and reliability | Singleton and Straits, chapter 4. Schwab, Donald P. "Construct Validity in Organizational Behavior." Research in Organizational Behavior 2 (1980): 3-43. Skim: Jones, Charles O. "Doing Before Knowing: Concept Development in Political Research." American Journal of Political Science 18, no. 1 (1974): 215-228. Skim: Cronbach, Lee J., and Paul E. Meehl. "Construct Validity in Psychological Tests." Psychological Bulletin 52 (1955): 281-302. ### Recommended readings Adcock, Robert, and David Collier. "Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research." American Political Science Review 95, no. 3 (2001): 529-546. Berk, Richard A. "An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data." American Sociological Review 48 (1998): 386-398. Carmines, Edward G., and Richard A. Zeller. Reliability and Validity Assessment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1979. ISBN: 9780803913714. Jacoby, William G. "Levels of Measurement and Political Research: An Optimistic View." American Journal of Political Science 43 (1999): 271-301. Kirk, Jerome, and Marc L. Miller. Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1985. ISBN: 9780803924703. McIver, John P., and Edward G. Carmines. Unidimensional Scaling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1981. ISBN: 9780803917361.
6 | Reading research proposals Completing the first-year paper | Review research proposals and first year papers provided in class. ### Recommended readings Rudestam, Kjell Erik, and Rae R. Newton. Surviving Your Dissertation: A Comprehensive Guide to Content and Process. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2007. ISBN: 9781412916790. Watts, Michael. "In Search of the Holy Grail: Projects, Proposals, and Research Design, but Mostly About Why Writing a Dissertation Proposal Is So Difficult." In A Handbook for Social Science Field Research: Essays and Bibliographic Sources on Research Design and Methods. Edited by Ellen Perecman and Sara Curran. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006, pp. 175-196. ISBN: 9781412916806. Singleton and Straits, chapter 17.
7 | Experimental and quasi-experimental designs Research ethics and research on human subjects | COUHES. Read all of the COUHES Web materials and complete the human subjects training and exam. Singleton and Straits, chapters 6, 7 and 16. Cook, Thomas D., and Donald T. Campbell. Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin, 1979. ISBN: 9780395307908. Skim pp. 1-36 and 50-137 as interested. ### Recommended readings Baumrind, Diana. "Some Thoughts on Ethics of Research: After Reading Milgram's 'Behavioral Study of Obedience'." American Psychologist 19 (1964): 421-423. Berkowitz, Leonard, and Edward Donnerstein. "External Validity is More Than Skin Deep: Some Answers to Criticisms of Laboratory Experiments." American Psychologist 37 (1982): 245-257. Burtless, Gary. "The Case for Randomized Field Trials in Economic and Policy Research." Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no. 2 (1995): 63-84. Campbell, Donald T., and Julian C. Stanley. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin, 1963. ISBN: 9780395307878. Curran, Sara. "Ethical Considerations for Research in Cross-Cultural Settings." In A Handbook for Social Science Field Research: Essays and Bibliographic Sources on Research Design and Methods. Edited by Ellen Perecman and Sara Curran. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006, pp. 197-216. ISBN: 9781412916806. Heckman, James J., and Jeffrey A. Smith. "Assessing the Case for Social Experiments." Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no. 2 (1995): 85-110. Milgram, Stanley. "A Reply to Baumrind." American Psychologist 19 (1964): 848-852. Milgram, Stanley. Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2004. ISBN: 9780060737283. Moffitt, Robert A. "The Role of Randomized Field Trials in Social Science Research: A Perspective from Evaluations of Reforms of Social Welfare Programs." American Behavioral Scientist 47, no. 5 (2004): 506-540. Kelman, Herbert C. "The Rights of the Subject in Social Research: An Analysis in Terms of Relative Power and Legitimacy." In Fist-fights in the Kitchen: Manners and Methods in Social Research. By George Lewis. Tucson, AZ: Goodyear, 1975, pp. 432-451. ISBN: 9780876203262.
8 | Sampling, survey research, and questionnaire design | Singleton and Straits, chapters 5, 8 and 9. Dillman, Don A. Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006, pp. 3-31. ISBN: 9780470038567. Schaeffer, Nora Cate, and Stanley Presser. "The Science of Asking Questions." Annual Review of Sociology 29 (2003): 65-88. Fowler, Floyd F. "Design and Evaluation of Survey Questions." In Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods. Edited by Leonard Bickman and Debra J. Rog. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998. ISBN: 9780761906728. ### Recommended reading Dillman, Donald A. "Why Choice of Survey Mode Makes a Difference." Public Health Reports 121, no. 1 (2006): 11-13. Kalton, G. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Vol. 35. Introduction to Survey Sampling. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1983. ISBN: 9780803920460. Lavrakas, Paul J. "Methods for Sampling and Interviewing in Telephone Surveys." In Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods. Edited by Leonard Bickman and Debra J. Rog. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998. ISBN: 9780761906728. Lenth, R. "Some Practical Guidelines for Effective Sample Size Determination." The American Statistician 55 (2001): 187-193. Mangione, Thomas W. "Mail Surveys." In Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods. Edited by Leonard Bickman and Debra J. Rog. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998. ISBN: 9780761906728. Tourangeau, Roger. "Survey Research and Societal Change." Annual Review of Psychology 55 (2004): 775-801. Tourangeau, Roger, and Tom W. Smith. "Asking Sensitive Questions: The Impact of Data Collection Mode, Question Format, and Question Context." Public Opinion Quarterly 60, no. 2 (1996): 275-304. Czaja, Ronald, and Johnny Blair. Designing Surveys: A Guide to Decisions and Procedures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge, 2004. ISBN: 9780761927464. Fowler, Floyd J. Survey Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001. ISBN: 9780761921912. Kuzel, Anton J. "Sampling in Qualitative Inquiry." In Doing Qualitative Research. Edited by Benjamin F. Crabtree and William L. Miller. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999. ISBN: 9780761914983. Couper, Mick P. "Web Surveys: A Review of Issues and Approaches." Public Opinion Quarterly 64, no. 4 (2000): 464-494.
9 | Interviewing | Weiss, chapters 1-4. Leech, Beth. "Asking Questions: Techniques for Semistructured Interviews." Political Science & Politics 35, no. 4 (2002): 665-668. ### Recommended readings Denzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds. Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2007. ISBN: 9781412957571. Gluck, Sherna Berger, and Daphne Patai. Women's Words: The Practice of Feminist Oral History. London, UK: Routledge, 1991. ISBN: 9780415903721. Goldstein, Kenneth. "Getting in the Door: Sampling and Completing Elite Interviews." Political Science & Politics 35, no. 4 (2002): 669-672. Guest, Greg, Arwen Bunce, and Laura Johnson. "How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability." Field Methods 18, no. 1 (2006): 59-82. McCracken, Grant. The Long Interview. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1988. ISBN: 9780803933538. Mishler, Elliot G. Research Interviewing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991. ISBN: 9780674764613. Rubin, Herbert J, and Irene S. Rubin. Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004. ISBN: 9780761920748. Seidman, I. E. Interviewing as Qualitative Research. New York, NY: Teachers College Press, 2006. ISBN: 9780807746660. Woliver, Laura R. "Ethical Dilemmas in Personal Interviewing." Political Science & Politics 35, no. 4 (2002): 677-678.
10 | Case study research Unobtrusive measures | George, Alexander L., and Andrew Bennett. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. ISBN: 9780262572224. Read pp. 3-36, skim pp. 73-108. Yin, pp. 1-56. Singleton and Straits, chapter 11. Zeisel, chapters 8, 9 and 13. Collier, David, James Mahoney, and Jason Seawright. "Claiming Too Much: Warnings about Selection Bias." In Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Edited by Henry Brady and David Collier. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004. ISBN: 9780742511262. King, Gary, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba. Designing Social Inquiry. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 115-149. ISBN: 9780691034713. Geddes, Barbara. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2003, pp. 89-129. ISBN: 9780472098354. ### Recommended readings Bennett, Andrew, and Colin Elman. "Complex Causal Relations and Case Study Methods: The Example of Path Dependence." Political Analysis 14, no. 3 (2006): 250. Burawoy, Michael. "The Extended Case Method." Sociological Theory 16, no. 1 (1998): 4-33. Collier, David, and James Mahoney. "Insights and Pitfalls: Selection Bias in Qualitative Research." World Politics 49, no. 1 (1996): 56-91. George, Alexander L., and Andrew Bennett. "Process-Tracing and Historical Explanation." In Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Edited by Alexander L. George and Andrew Bennett. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. ISBN: 9780262572224. Ragin, Charles, and Howard Becker. What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN: 9780521421881. Webb, Eugene J., Donald T. Campbell, Richard D. Schwartz, and Lee Sechrest. Unobtrusive Measures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999. ISBN: 9780761920113. Webb, Eugene, and Karl E. Weick. "Unobtrusive Measures in Organizational Theory: A Reminder." Administrative Science Quarterly 24, no. 4 (1979): 650-659. Yin, Robert K., ed. The Case Study Anthology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004. ISBN: 9780761929253. ———. Applications of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002. ISBN: 9780761925507. Hatry, Harry P. "Collecting Data from Agency Records." In Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation. Edited by Joseph Wholey, et al. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2004. ISBN: 9780787967130. Feldman, Martha. Strategies for Interpreting Qualitative Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994. ISBN: 9780803959163. Altheide, David L. Qualitative Media Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996. ISBN: 9780761901990.
11 | Field research, participatory research, and action research | Van Maanen, John. "The Fact of Fiction in Organizational Ethnography." Administrative Science Quarterly 25, no. 4 (1979): 539-550. Singleton and Straits, chapter 10. Park, Peter. "What is Participatory Research? A Theoretical and Methodological Perspective." In Voices of Change: Participatory Research in the United States and Canada. Edited by Peter Park, Mary Brydon-Miller, Budd Hall, and Ted Jackson. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1993, pp. 1-20. ISBN: 9780897893343. Greenwood, Davydd J., and Morten Levin. Introduction to Action Research: Social Research for Social Change. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006, pp. 1-32. ISBN: 9781412925976. ### Recommended readings Adler, Patricia A., and Peter Adler. Membership Roles in Field Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1987. ISBN: 9780803925786. Becker, Howard S. "Problems of Inference and Proof in Participant Observation." American Sociological Review 23 (1958): 652-660. Devereux, Stephen, and John Hoddinott. Fieldwork in Developing Countries. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993. ISBN: 9781555873479. Emerson, Robert M. Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations. 2nd ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2001. ISBN: 9781577661856. Emerson, Robert M., Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1995. ISBN: 9780226206813. Lofland, John, David A. Snow, Leon Anderson, and Lyn H. Lofland. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2005. ISBN: 9780534528614. Perecman, Ellen, and Sarah Curran. A Handbook for Social Science Field Research: Essays and Bibliographic Sources on Research Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006. ISBN: 9781412916806. Sanjek, Roger. Fieldnotes: The Makings of Anthropology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990. ISBN: 9780801424366. Schrank, Andrew. "Bringing It All Back Home: Personal Reflections on Friends, Findings, and Fieldwork." In A Handbook for Social Science Field Research: Essays and Bibliographic Sources on Research Design and Methods. Edited by Ellen Perecman and Sarah Curran. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006. ISBN: 9781412916806. Van Maanen, John. Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988. ISBN: 9780226849621. Whyte, William Foote. Learning from the Field: A Guide from Experience. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1984. ISBN: 9780803933187. Warren, Carol. Gender Issues in Field Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1988. ISBN: 9780803930988. Wolf, Diane. Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. ISBN: 9780813384993.
12 | The scholar's journey | Lundberg, Craig, and Cheri Young. "Considerations for Inquiry's Journey." In Foundations for Inquiry: Choices and Trade-Offs in the Organizational Sciences. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005, pp. 421-466. ISBN: 9780804741538. ### Recommended readings Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 195-226. ISBN: 9780195133738. Wildavsky, Aaron. Craftways: On the Organization of Scholarly Work. Edison, NJ: Transaction, 1993. ISBN: 9781560006961.